What is the
difference between these two ways of writing the U.S.?
United States
united States
The New
Nation:
I.
Creating
the Constitution
A.
Context:
Shays’ Rebellion: 1786
B.
Constitutional
Convention
James
Madison was called the “Father of the Constitution”
Structural Features:
Three Branches:
Judiciary/Executive/Legislative
Key Concepts:
a. Federalism
1. Virginia Plan
(TWO HOUSES, BASED ON POP.)
2. New Jersey Plan
(ONE HOUSE, ONE VOTE PER STATE)
3. Connecticut Plan
(THE GREAT COMPROMISE)
b. Democracy
c. Liberty: we are preoccupied with rights
"Liberty is to be free from restraint and violence from
others." Locke
--he was crucial in that he helped Americans envision the
attainment of natural rights.
"Men by nature are free, equal, and independent."
Rousseau, The Social Contract 1762
"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."
d. Limited government
e. Equality: belief in an equal chance at
life
f. Civic Duty: perfect society has a price
II.
Ratification
of the Constitution
THOSE FOR
THE CONSTITUTION: Federalists
THOSE
AGAINST THE CONSTITUTION…Anti-Federalists
George Mason:
the Constitution was “totally subversive of every principle which has hitherto governed us. This power is
calculated to annihilate totally the state governments.”
Patrick Henry:
“the whole of our property may be taken by this American government by laying
what taxes they please, and suspending our laws at pleasure…I look upon that
paper as the most fatal plan that could possibly be conceived to enslave a free
people."
--by July of 1788, 10 of 13 had ratified the Constitution.
--by 1790, all 13 had ratified.
PROTECTING
LIBERTY:
The Bill of
Rights…
Amendment
I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and
to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Amendment
II
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a
free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be
infringed.
Amendment
III
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house,
without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.
Amendment
IV
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by
Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and
the persons or things to be seized.
Amendment
V
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual
service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for
the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be
compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived
of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private
property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
Amendment
VI
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to
a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been
previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of
the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
Amendment
VII
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact
tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United
States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Amendment
VIII
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed,
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Amendment
IX
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not
be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Amendment
X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or
to the people.
III.
First
Party System:
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Hamilton vs. Jefferson
Hamilton: People
are “ambitious, vindictive, and rapacious…and seldom judge or determine right.”
IV.
Election
of 1796: (Adams)
Why did Washington not seek a third term?
“If ever a nation was debauched by a man, the American nation has
been debauched by Washington.” (published by Franklin’s grandson)
Republicans
called Adams: “a friend of monarchy.”
Federalists
called Jefferson: “atheist, anarchist, demagogue, Franco-maniac.”
Jefferson
followers were called, “cut-throats who walk in rags and sleep amidst filth and
vermin.”
Adams: 71
votes
Jefferson:
68
“The second office is honorable and easy; the first is but
splendid misery.” TJ
Alien and Sedition Acts
Election of 1800
SHAPE OF THE
NATION:
2.5 million
in 1775
5.3 million
in 1800
300,000 in
towns of 2500 or more (less than 7% “urban”)
"My
father was A farmer and by the help of his trusty rifle kept the family in wild
meat such as bear, elk, deer, and wild Turkey."
"My
Farm gave me and my family a good living on the produce of it; and left me, one
year after another, one hundred and fifty dollars, for I have never spent more
than ten dollars a year, which was for salt, nails, and the like. Nothing to
wear, eat, or drink was purchased, as my farm produced all."
V. Revolution
of 1800?
VI. The
Courts
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
VII. The
West: Completing the Vision
A. Louisiana Purchase
B. Lewis and Clark
VIII.
Slavery
T. Jefferson, "There
must doubtless be an unhappy influence on the manners of our people produced by
the existence of slavery among us. The whole commerce between master and slave
is a perpetual exercise of the most boisterous passions, the most unremitting
despotism on the one part, and degrading submissions on the other. Our children
see this, and learn to imitate it; for man is an imitative animal. This quality
is the germ of all education in him."
Patrick Henry, 1773, "I believe a time will come when
an opportunity will be offered to abolish this lamentable evil. Everything we
do is to improve it, if it happens in our day; if not, let us transmit to our
descendants, together with our slaves, a pity for their unhappy lot and an
abhorrence of slavery."
Oliver Ellsworth, from Connecticut, "All good
men wish the entire abolition of slavery, as soon as it can take place with
safety to the public, and for the lasting good of the present wretched race of
slaves."
Abigail Adams, Virginians
could not have the "passion for Liberty" they claimed they did, since
they "deprive their fellow Creatures" of freedom.
John Jay, 1786, "It
is much to be wished that slavery may be abolished. The honour of the States,
as well as justice and humanity, in my opinion, loudly call upon them to
emancipate these unhappy people. To contend for our own liberty, and to deny
that blessing to others, involves an inconsistency not to be excused."
George
Washington wrote, "Your late purchase of an estate in the colony of
Cayenne, with a view to emancipating the slaves on it, is a generous and noble
proof of your humanity. Would to God a like spirit would diffuse itself
generally into the minds of the people of this country; but I despair of seeing
it."
Is slavery
written into the Constitution? Yes.
1.
Enumeration
Clause…(3/5 “of all other persons”)
2.
Article 1, Section 9, Congress is limited, expressly, from
prohibiting the "Importation" of slaves, before 1808…Congress would
outlaw the importation of slaves on Jan. 1, 1808
3.
Fugitive Slave Clause…The laws of one state cannot excuse a
person from "Service or Labour" in another state.
IX. The
Courts
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
X. The West:
Completing the Vision
A. Louisiana Purchase
B. Lewis and Clark
XI. Foreign
Entanglements:
War of 1812
XII. The
Transportation Revolution
1. Canals
http://www.eriecanal.org/locks.html
2. Turnpikes
3. Steamboats
XIII. The
“Knell” of the Union
The Missouri Compromise: 1821
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